Update on Musculoskeletal Pain Management.

Pain is the most common complaint reported to orthopedists in the outpatient clinic, emergency room, or booth. Numerous publications report the inadequate management of both acute and chronic pain by health professionals. This updated article aims to provide information about musculoskeletal pain, its classification, evaluation, diagnosis, and the multimodal therapeutic approach for each case. For acute pain, adequate control allows for earlier rehabilitation to work and reduces the rates of pain chronification. For chronic pain, the goal is to reduce its intensity and improve the quality of life. Currently, some procedures are increasingly used and aided by imaging tests for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Avaliação funcional do reparo artroscópico da instabilidade anterior recidivante do ombro / Functional assessment of arthroscopic repair for recurrent anterior shoulder instability

OBJETIVO: Avaliar clínica e radiograficamente pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico da instabilidade anterior do ombro pela técnica de Bankart via artroscópica através da reconstrução com âncoras metálicas. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 49 pacientes submetidos ao reparo artroscópico da instabilidade anterior do ombro no período de 2002 a 2007. Os pacientes foram avaliados pelo escore de Carter-Rowe e pela classificação de Samilson e Prieto. A média de idade na cirurgia foi de 30 anos. O seguimento médio foi de 42,7 (variação de 18-74) meses. Oitenta e cinco porcento dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino. RESULTADOS: A média do escore de Carter-Rowe foi de 83 (variação de 30-100) pontos, sendo 31 resultados excelentes, sete bons, três regulares e oito ruins. Reluxação foi observada em 16% (oito pacientes), sendo 37,5% desses de origem traumática. Degeneração articular esteve presente em 32,5% dos casos, com cinco casos grau 1, seis casos grau 2 e dois casos grau 3. A perda média de rotação externa foi de 12º e de 8º na elevação anterior. Houve relação estatisticamente significante (p < 0,05) nas associações entre artrose e idade da primeira luxação, idade no tratamento cirúrgico e crepitação. Noventa e dois porcento dos pacientes relataram alto grau de satisfação com o procedimento. Dentre as complicações houve dois casos de ombro rígido, um paciente com proeminência do material de síntese e uma soltura de âncora. CONCLUSÃO: O reparo artroscópico da instabilidade anterior do ombro através do uso de âncoras metálicas é eficaz e apresenta baixos índices de complicações.

OBJECTIVE: To clinically and radiologically evaluate patients who underwent arthroscopic surgical treatment for anterior shoulder instability by means of the Bankart technique, using metal anchors. METHODS: This was a retrospective study on 49 patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of anterior shoulder instability between 2002 and 2007. The patients were evaluated using the Carter-Rowe score and the Samilson and Prieto classification. The mean age at the time of surgery was 30 years. The mean length of follow-up was 42.7 months (ranging from 18 to 74). 85% of the patients were male. RESULTS: The mean Carter-Rowe score was 83 points (ranging from 30 to 100) including 31 excellent results, 7 good, 3 fair and 8 poor. Recurrent dislocation was observed in 16% (8 patients), and 37.5% of them were of traumatic origin. Joint degeneration was present in 32.5% of the cases, including 5 cases of grade 1, 6 cases of grade 2 and 2 cases of grade 3. The average loss of external rotation was 12º and the loss of anterior elevation was 8º. There was a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) between arthritis and age at first dislocation, age at surgery and crackling. 92% of the patients reported high degrees of satisfaction after the procedure. Among the complications, there were two cases of stiff shoulder, one patient with prominence of the synthesis material and one case of anchor loosening. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic repair of anterior shoulder instability using metal anchors was shown to be effective, with a low complication rate.

FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF ARTHROSCOPIC REPAIR FOR RECURRENT ANTERIOR SHOULDER INSTABILITY.

OBJECTIVE: To clinically and radiologically evaluate patients who underwent arthroscopic surgical treatment for anterior shoulder instability by means of the Bankart technique, using metal anchors. METHODS: This was a retrospective study on 49 patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of anterior shoulder instability between 2002 and 2007. The patients were evaluated using the Carter-Rowe score and the Samilson and Prieto classification. The mean age at the time of surgery was 30 years. The mean length of follow-up was 42.7 months (ranging from 18 to 74). 85% of the patients were male. RESULTS: The mean Carter-Rowe score was 83 points (ranging from 30 to 100) including 31 excellent results, 7 good, 3 fair and 8 poor. Recurrent dislocation was observed in 16% (8 patients), and 37.5% of them were of traumatic origin. Joint degeneration was present in 32.5% of the cases, including 5 cases of grade 1, 6 cases of grade 2 and 2 cases of grade 3. The average loss of external rotation was 12° and the loss of anterior elevation was 8°. There was a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) between arthritis and age at first dislocation, age at surgery and crackling. 92% of the patients reported high degrees of satisfaction after the procedure. Among the complications, there were two cases of stiff shoulder, one patient with prominence of the synthesis material and one case of anchor loosening. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic repair of anterior shoulder instability using metal anchors was shown to be effective, with a low complication rate.

Parafusos pediculares no tratamento da cifose de Scheuermann: resultados e complicações / Pedicle screws in the treatment of Scheuermann's kyphosis: results and complications

O tratamento cirúrgico da cifose de Scheuermann permanece um tópico em debate. Tratamento tradicional tem incluído liberação anterior associada à fusão dos segmentos discais apicais, seguida por instrumentação posterior. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se o uso do sistema de parafusos pedicular vertebral promove melhor estabilização e correção da deformidade, sem procedimento compressivo, diminuindo os risco de complicações. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 19 pacientes com cifose de Scheuermann, que foram submetidos à liberação e fusão anterior por toracotomia aberta, seguida por instrumentação posterior com sistema de parafuso pedicular vertebral posicionados pela técnica de mão livre. Pré-operatoriamente, os pacientes foram analisados pela escala analógica visual (EVA) de dor e radiografias. No pós-operatório, foi analisado o grau de correção da curva, complicações, EVA para dor e nível de satisfação com a cirurgia. A média de seguimento foi de 37,5 meses (12,6-61,7 meses). RESULTADOS: Cifose pré-operatória variou de 66° a 94°, com média de 77,6°, e média da EVA de 6,6 pontos. No pós-operatório a cifose média foi de 35,8° (variação de 23° a 50°), sendo obtida média de correção de 53,8 por cento. A EVA foi de 0,6 ponto, com todos os pacientes, exceto um, satisfeitos com o resultado da cirurgia. Dentre as complicações: soltura de dois parafusos em um paciente, com necessidade de reintrodução e extensão da instrumentação, um paciente com infecção superficial resolvida clinicamente, uma quebra assintomática de parafuso e um paciente com infecção tardia resolvida com a retirada do implante. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento cirúrgico da cifose de Scheuermann, usando liberação e fusão anterior por toracotomia aberta seguida por instrumentação posterior com sistema de parafuso pedicular vertebral por meio da técnica de mão livre, mostrou-se, nessa série de pacientes, segura e eficiente.

Surgical treatment of Scheuermann's kyphosis is still subject to debate. Traditional treatment has included an anterior release associated to fusion of apical disk segments, followed by posterior instrumentation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if the vertebral pedicle screw system yields a better stabilization and correction of the deformity, without a compressive procedure, thus decreasing the risk of complications. METHODS: 19 patients with Scheuermann's kyphosis were evaluated after being submitted to anterior release and fusion by open thoracotomy followed by posterior instrumentation with a vertebral pedicle screw system with the screws positioned with the free-hand technique. Before surgery, the patients were analyzed according to the visual analogical pain scale (EVA) and using X-rays. After surgery, analysis was made of the extension of the curve correction, complications, EVA for pain, and level of satisfaction with the surgery. Mean follow-up was 37.5 months (12.6 61.7 months). RESULTS: Pre-op kyphosis varied from 66° to 94°, with a mean of 77.6° and the mean EVA was 6.6. After surgery, the mean kyphosis was 35.8° (ranging from 23° to 50°), a mean correction of 53.8 percent being obtained. EVA was 0.6, and all patients but one, were pleased with the result of the surgery. Complications: two screws were detached in one patient and had to be reintroduced and instrumentation had to be expanded, one patient had superficial infection that was clinically solved, a screw broke asymptomatically, and one patient had late infection that was cured with the removal of the implant. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of Scheuermann's kyphosis using anterior release and fusion by open thoracotomy followed by posterior instrumentation with a vertebral pedicle screw system using the free hand technique showed, in this series, to be safe and efficient.